Scopes's legal team included famous trial lawyer Clarence Darrow. Justice Black did not think the law violated the Establishment Clause. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Decided November 12, 1968. After losing her case before the Supreme Court of Arkansas, Epperson appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Healthy City School Dist. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. According to evolution, humans are related to gorillas, chimpanzees, and other ape-like animals. It relied on the general principle that government “may not be hostile to any religion or to the advocacy of nonreligion; and it may not aid, foster, or promote one religion or religious theory against another or even against the militant opposite.”. Within a short time of the Epperson decision, religious opponents of the teaching attempted through other means to lessen its influence in the curriculum, including requiring schools to teach biblical creation alongside evolution or forcing schools to provide disclaimers that evolution was "only a theory". For some people who believe in creationism, evolution is an attack on their religious beliefs. She filed in the Chancery Court in Pulaski County seeking nullification of the law and an injunction against her being dismissed for teaching the evolutionary curriculum. These attempts eventually resulted in precedent-setting court decisions including McLean v. Arkansas, and ultimately Edwards v. Aguillard, which struck down a Louisiana statute as unconstitutional. With the controversy still alive, the issue may be headed for the Supreme Court once again. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. . [7] The Chancery Court held that the statute violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which protects citizens from state interference with freedom of speech and thought as contained in the constitution's First Amendment. "[It is] better to trust in the Rock of Ages [Christianity] than…, Harry Blackmun The state of Arkansas passed its own anti-evolution law in 1928. In response to Epperson's challenge, the Supreme Court struck down the ban, saying it violated the First Amendment. Based upon the recommendation of the school biology teachers, the administrators adopted the 1965 textbook Modern Biology for the 1965–1966 school year, which contained a chapter discussing Charles Darwin and evolutionary theory, and prescribed the subject be taught to the students. Epperson was a biology teacher in the Arkansas public school system who sued the state seeking a declaration that the law violated the First Amendment. Courts do not and cannot intervene in the resolution of conflicts which arise in the daily operation of school systems and which do not directly and sharply implicate basic constitutional values. U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers, Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio. Writing for the Court, Justice Abe Fortas said the anti-evolution law violated the separation of church and state required by the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment. v. Barnette, Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California, Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston, National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra, Communications Workers of America v. Beck, Board of Regents of the Univ. Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton. (September 30, 2020). Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1994.
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