Apart from their role in flavoring, spices often are used for preservation, medicinally, pharmaceutically, and for health maintenance purposes (Opara and Chohan, 2014).Besides being ornamental in food quality and aiding as a source of basic nutritional requirements, spices are beneficial for therapeutic diseases (Lobo et al., 2010). The early publication mentioned more than a hundred medicinal plants including the spice cassia, which is similar to cinnamon (called “kwei”). Spices indigenous to India (e.g. Susruta II also used spices and herbs such as cinnamon, cardamom, ginger, turmeric, and pepper for healing purposes. A spice may be any part of the plant such as bud (clove), bark (cinnamon), root (ginger), aromatic seed (cumin), and flower stigma (saffron) of a plant. The remedies were based on an extensive catalogue of spices and herbs and were more systematic than his predecessors (who based the remedies on magic and superstition).The Romans were extravagant users of spices and herbs. (Ed. Anecdotal evidence suggests that Chinese courtiers in the 3rd century BC carried cloves in their mouths so their breath was sweet when addressing the emperor. He noted that great care should be given to the preparation of herbs for medical use. Several sea voyages helped establish a trade route to India. Ancient civilizations did not distinguish between those spices and herbs used for flavoring from those used for medicinal purposes. Spices such as cardamom, ginger, black pepper, cumin, and mustard seed were included in ancient herbal medicines for different types of health benefits. King Manuel sent trade missions to develop new markets for his spices throughout Europe, especially in Germany. The United States used plants as the primary source of medicine from the time of the Mayflower (1620) until after World War I (1930) (Mahady, 2001). Early documentation suggests that hunters and gatherers wrapped meat in the leaves of bushes, accidentally discovering that this process enhanced the taste of the meat, as did certain nuts, seeds, berries, and bark. Wealthy brides received pepper as a dowry.With the coming of the Crusades (1096), international exchange of goods became common. Herbs, as well as spices, are seasonings derived from plants and used for different purposes. Papyri from Ancient Egypt in1555 BC classified coriander, fennel, juniper, cumin, garlic and thyme as health promoting spices (3).
He reported that the wealthy in Karazan ate meat pickled in salt and flavored with spices, while the poor had to be content with hash steeped in garlic.
They advanced the process of extracting flower scents from blossoms and herbs and created distillation techniques to distill essential oils from aromatic plants. Of the 400 herbal remedies utilized by Hippocrates, at least half are in use today (3). Later (around the 9th century), Arab physicians used spices and herbs to formulate syrups and flavoring extracts.In the Early part of the middle ages (before the Crusades), Asian Spices in Europe were costly and mainly used by the wealthy. The British taxes and trade restrictions of colonial days no longer obstructed American commerce. Sassafras bark, chamomile flowers, spearmint leaves, lemon balm leaves, raspberry leaves, loosestrife, goldenrod, dittany, blackberry leaves sage and many others were often used as a beverage(4).Toward the end of the 18th century, the United States entered the world spice trade. Spices and herbs have been considered as esoteric food adjuncts as they play numerous roles like being coloring agents, flavoring agents, preservatives, food additives, and having uses in the medicinal and pharmaceutical industries. As research is progressing, more evidence is supporting some of the anecdotal information supplied by our ancestors.The McCormick Science Institute (MSI) provides the information on this website for the sole purpose of educating visitors on the current body of scientific findings on the health benefits of culinary spices and herbs.
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