As crops photosynthesize to produce their food, they remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and create the oxygen we need to breathe. The data in Table 2 show the potential of terrestrial C sequestration at 5.7 to 10.1 Pg C/year, of which the potential of agricultural lands at 0.8–0.9 Pg C/year includes only soil C. Similar estimates for croplands and world soils have been made by others, yet there are numerous uncertainties in these estimates. Direct soil CS occurs by inorganic chemical reactions that convert CO2 into soil inorganic C compounds such as calcium and magnesium carbonates. Based on these principles, we propose that N management practices can be implemented to help maximize yields, reduce N losses, increase N sequestration in soils, reduce N2O emission, and generate N savings tradable in air and water quality markets and/or carbon sequestration equivalent markets. When considering whole profile, SOC storage may not be affected by N fertilization despite greater corn yields and larger estimates of total residue C inputs with increased N rates in mold board plow treatment (MP). (2011) in their later studies due to retention of crop residue is attributable to the higher organic N inputs and greater N immobilization associated with residue retention than where the residue was burned, as well as a part of N lost as NH3 and N-oxides from residue burning. NT proved superior to CT in maintaining SOC. Through this chemical process, carbon is sequestered in the soil. Several scientists have examined the correlation of soil carbon with improvement of the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties, including soil porosity, available water-holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, nutrient cycling, toxicity reduction, and contributions to higher yields and economic returns (Delgado and Follett, 2002; Doran and Jones, 1996; Lal, 1995, 1997, 1999; Stevenson, 1982). Indirect plant CS occurs as plants photosynthesize atmospheric CO2 into plant biomass. Additionally, we must continue to improve our best practices to reduce N losses to the environment and to increase resource use efficiencies. It includes conservation agriculture practices. This chapter reviews and discusses the basic theoretical concepts underpinning NIRS and linear chemometric modeling in the specific context of soil: (i) light scattering due to soil particles causes departure in the assumed linear relationship between the spectrum and the carbon content, and (ii) the other classical linear regression assumptions (constant residual variance, normal error distribution, etc.) (2010) to the extent that conversion of grasslands to annual cropping systems by opting CT system can decrease soil total N content, decrease root biomass, and increase NO3-N accumulation/leaching losses. (eds.) Monoculture maize could have influenced these results for reasons discussed earlier. Climate change may alter temperature and moisture regimes that could influence decomposition rates and stability of SOC. SOC sequestration cannot occur in the absence of N. The C to N ratio of mineral-associated SOC ranges from 8 to 12. Ramachandran Nair, ... Julia M. Showalter, in Advances in Agronomy, 2010. For soil carbon sequestration to become a significant GHG mitigation strategy, a number of technical and policy-related barriers need to be overcome. After 40 years of mineral fertilizer N applications that exceeded grain N removal by 60%–190% at the longest continuous maize experiments at the Morrow Plots in Illinois, a net decline in SOC was observed (Khan et al., 2007). Precipitation reactions involve Ca, Mg, and CO2 and occur at the mixing interface between two advecting fluids. Limited or even negative effect of long-term (40–50 year) mineral N fertilization on SOC in plowed soils were also noted by Khan et al. When plant matter is pyrolyzed and converted to biochar, some of the carbon is released instantly in the pyrolysis process, but the rest becomes more stable.
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