Daniel Ricciardo finished third with his first podium of the year.Force India achieved their best result of the year in Spain, with Sergio Pérez leading a 4-5 for the team, with Ocon behind.At Monaco, Ferrari was again the car to beat and their drivers locked the front row, though Kimi Raikkonen was on Pole Position for the first time since the 2008 French Grand Prix. Pirelli’s preparations for the 2017 regulation changes are being assisted by Mercedes, Red Bull and Ferrari, as all three provide mule cars to simulate 2017 levels of downforce, whilst improving the suspension to cope with additional loads that the larger, heavier wheels and tyres will transfer into the chassis.Pirelli have arranged 10 tests, over 22 days, during 2016 to identify any weaknesses in their design, giving them ample time to respond before the 2017 season gets underway.The tests involve both wet and dry weather conditions with sprinklers being used for the wet weather testing days to simulate the relevant conditions they'd like to study.The 2017 specification tyres are 60mm wider at the front, up from 245mm to 305mm, whilst the rear tyres are 80mm wider, up from 325mm to 405mm, tOn top of this, Pirelli have already stated that their 2017 range of tyres will suffer much less degradation and have a much wider operating window, allowing the drivers to push them much harder throughout each stint.The cars being provided by Mercedes, Red Bull and Ferrari are all 2015 specification machines, that have been modified to accept the wider wheels and tyres and hopefully simulate downforce to levels like those that should be possible in 2017.As each car has its own philosophy there is no cookie cutter solution to achieving this goal, with a technical directive, seen by Motorsport.com, a target downforce level has been set relative to the level of the cars used at Melbourne in 2015.Most of the changes made to simulate 2017 levels of downforce centre around the diffuser, owing to the increased volume that will be available to the teams in 2017.Lest we forget that the diffuser will not only be 50mm taller, up from 125mm from the reference plane to 175mm, but it is also possible to start its inclination 175mm forward of the rear wheel centre line (2016 diffuser volume highlighted in purple, 2017 in green).The technical directive specifies ways in which skirts can be used on the side of the floor to improve ground effect, how a non-flat floor can be used to create venturi tunnels, and how the diffuser can be modified with extended footplates in order to inhibit tyre squirt, which would curtail the performance of the diffuser as the tyre deforms under load.The diffuser strakes, end boxes' angles and heights may also be changed, even extending them beyond the regulation boxes, along with the height of any gurney trims that are attached to the diffuser's periphery.The bargeboards can be increased in height and the splitter can be run higher to infer a greater rake level, just as the 2017 regulations permit.The 2017 front wing will be 150mm wider than the ones used since 2014 in order to marry with the increased track of the car and wider front tyre.However, the technical directive specifies that only 2015 or 2016 specification wings be used, although they can be repositioned to change how air moves around the car.Flaps and/or gurneys can be added to the 'neutral' central section in order to impart a different aerodynamic effect downstream.The rear wing is pretty unrestricted, allowing any number and geometry of winged elements between 300mm and 950mm above the reference plane, which allows the engineers ways in which to connect the airflow structures with the increased diffuser volume below.The Ferrari and Red Bull mule cars being used for the test have broken cover over the last few days and both have come up with similar but different ways in which to simulate the 2017 levels of downforce.Ferrari were the first to test the 2017 specification tyres at Fiorano and adapted their 2015 challenger, the SF15-T, with Sebastian Vettel and Esteban Gutierrez putting the car and tyres through their paces in run plans designed by Pirelli to better understand their rubber.The front wing has had a section added behind the 'neutral' section in order to infer a different flow structure from the nose aboveThe bargeboards, which will be much larger in 2017, were untouched by the Scuderia as they were clearly concerned with destabilising the cars intended centre of pressure.The floor, which will be 200mm wider in 2017, was run at the same width as was originally intended in 2015.However, a skirt was added to the side of the floor, blocking off a proportion of the floor, constricting airflow and heading some way toward the type of ground effect you'd associate with Colin Chapman's Lotus cars that ran skirts in 70's.At the rear of the car, the team ran a faux 2017-specification rear wing, which featured the vertically curved and shorter endplates and wider flapped section that will be used in 2017 but fell short of the deltoid shaping that will feature up and down the 2017 cars.The rear wing will only be 800mm tall rather than 950mm but is 950mm wide, rather than 750mm in the flapped region in 2017.
Hamilton, on his side, clapped back at Shanghai with a dominant display.
In the race, Vettel overcame an issue in his steering wheel to lead Ferrari’s 1-2 in a race in which Hamilton was third due to Bottas letting him through, but the Englishman allowed his teammate to pass in the final corner, as he had previously arranged with the team.
Bottas achieved his first podium for Mercedes in the first race. A beam wing was used by Ferrari to improve rigidity and provide aerodynamic assistance too, although this won't be possible in 2017.Like Ferrari, the changes made to Red Bull's mule car centered around adding downforce at the rear of the car, with the front wing identical to the one used in 2015.However, Red Bull decided to close off much more of the floor, with a skirt running the full length of the floor, to the splitter section, to generate the level of downforce that can be expected from the enlarged diffuser in 2017.The RB11 features the current specification rear wing in terms of both width and height, but has a beam wing that intersects with a monkey seat, as the team looks to establish an aerodynamic connection between the diffuser and rear wing.The diffuser's gurney trim has also been extruded upward significantly as Red Bull looks to utilise the flow structures generated by the floor to improve the diffusers performance.Mercedes will provide a test mule of their own, which will have its first run at Barcelona in September.The W06 they'll use will likely be outfitted in a similar fashion to the Ferrari and Red Bull we've already seen but will provide Pirelli with some much needed relative data in terms of power unit performance too.The three constructors helping Pirelli will operate the cars, but it is Pirelli that designate the run plans, providing the mechanics with undisclosed compounds in what is being deemed a blind test.All of the information pertaining to work conducted by the teams in CFD, the wind tunnel is recorded in a run-log and made available to the FIA in order to keep the teams honest in their application of testing time.Meanwhile, each participating team will provide an end-of-test report that is distributed to all of the teams, Pirelli and the FIA. Ricciardo won ahead of Bottas and Stroll, who achieved the first podium of his career in what was only his second point-scoring outing.In the next race, Hamilton had to endure a five-place penalty for an unscheduled gearbox change, but he could rely on Bottas to take Pole and win the race in front of a charging Vettel.Hamilton then dominated the British Grand Prix in front of his home crowd.
Hamilton had his first chance to seal the championship in Austin, where he won, but Vettel’s second-place prevented him from sealing his fourth championship. Raikkonen was unable to start the race from P2, while Vettel started from last place due to mechanical issues as well.Verstappen won in Malaysia with Hamilton second and Vettel fourth in a Red Bull 1-3.Ferrari’s struggles carried on to Japan, where Hamilton won with Vettel retiring due to a spark plug issue.
This time, it was the first time F1 saw rain in Singapore, which would only make the race more interesting.At the start, Verstappen and the fourth-placed Raikkonen got off to better start than Vettel, but then as the German extremely closed his line to cover Verstappen and Raikkonen tried to overtake the Red Bull on the inside, the three collided, resulting in immediate retirement for Raikkonen and Verstappen. Vettel finished second in the championship after winning only once in the second half of the year, while Bottas finished third with three wins.A tremendous fight between Mercedes and Ferrari finished with Hamilton returning back to the top and further increasing his legacy as one of the greatest drivers ever.A new era gave us a renewed sense of competition between top teams and showed us a tremendous level of excellence from the victors and those competing at the front.DNQ = Did Not Qualify, DNS = Did Not Start, Ret = Retired, DSQ = Disqualified, NC = Not Classified Get tickets cheaper at F1-Fansite.com.
As the top three F1 teams begin Pirelli's 2017 testing programme, Matt Somerfield looks at how they are achieving the 2017 downforce levels with modified 2015 cars.
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